{"id":2782,"date":"2026-07-20T13:25:48","date_gmt":"2026-07-20T11:25:48","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/gekkophotonics.com\/nitrogen-fertilizers-def\/chemistry\/"},"modified":"2026-07-20T13:30:53","modified_gmt":"2026-07-20T11:30:53","slug":"chemistry","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/gekkophotonics.com\/de\/nitrogen-fertilizers-def\/chemie-abdeckung-harnstoff-uan-rsm-def-adblue-biuret-inline-raman-gekko-photonics\/","title":{"rendered":"Chemistry Coverage &#8211; Urea, UAN\/RSM, DEF\/AdBlue &#038; Biuret Inline Raman | Gekko Photonics"},"content":{"rendered":"<style>.elementor-2782 .elementor-element.elementor-element-ba1bb53{margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;padding:0px 0px 0px 0px;}.elementor-2782 .elementor-element.elementor-element-fc3edb3 > .elementor-element-populated{padding:0px 0px 0px 0px;}@media(min-width:768px){.elementor-2782 .elementor-element.elementor-element-fc3edb3{width:100%;}}<\/style>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" 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h4{font-size:17px;color:#fff;margin-bottom:6px}\n#gkms .reg p{font-size:14px;color:#C8D0DC;line-height:1.55}\n\n\/* ---- replace ---- *\/\n#gkms .repl{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(2,1fr);gap:14px}\n@media(max-width:720px){#gkms .repl{grid-template-columns:1fr}}\n#gkms .repl .item{display:flex;gap:14px;align-items:flex-start;background:#fff;border:1px solid var(--g100);border-radius:var(--r-md);padding:18px 20px}\n#gkms .repl .lag{flex:0 0 auto;font-size:12px;font-weight:800;color:var(--bad);background:#FDE9E9;padding:5px 10px;border-radius:6px;white-space:nowrap}\n#gkms .repl .m{font-weight:700;color:var(--gk-navy-deep);font-size:15px}\n#gkms .repl .s{font-size:13px;color:var(--gk-slate);margin-top:3px}\n\n\/* ---- product ---- *\/\n#gkms .product{display:grid;grid-template-columns:.95fr 1.05fr;gap:48px;align-items:center}\n@media(max-width:900px){#gkms .product{grid-template-columns:1fr}}\n#gkms .prod-photo{background:radial-gradient(60% 55% at 50% 42%,#101321 0%,#010105 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.st-l{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:16px}\n#gkms .strip .st-ic{width:48px;height:48px;border-radius:12px;background:var(--gk-blue-50);color:var(--gk-blue);display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;font-size:24px;flex:0 0 auto}\n#gkms .strip h4{font-size:18px;color:var(--gk-navy-deep)}\n#gkms .strip p{font-size:14px;color:var(--gk-slate);margin-top:2px}\n\n\/* ---- footer ---- *\/\n#gkms .foot{background:var(--black);color:#C8D0DC;padding:72px 0 30px}\n#gkms .foot-grid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1.5fr 1fr 1fr 1.1fr;gap:36px}\n@media(max-width:820px){#gkms .foot-grid{grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr}}\n#gkms .foot .flogo{height:42px;width:auto;filter:brightness(0) invert(1);margin-bottom:18px}\n#gkms .foot .ftag{font-size:14px;color:#8A93A0;line-height:1.6;max-width:34ch}\n#gkms .foot h5{font-size:11px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.14em;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--gk-blue);margin-bottom:16px}\n#gkms .foot a{display:block;font-size:13px;color:#C8D0DC;line-height:2}\n#gkms .foot a:hover{color:var(--gk-blue-400)}\n#gkms .foot .addr{font-size:13px;color:#8A93A0;line-height:1.7;margin-top:4px}\n#gkms .foot .fbottom{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:12px;justify-content:space-between;align-items:center;margin-top:52px;padding-top:24px;border-top:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.08);font-size:12px;color:#5E6676}\n#gkms .foot .fbottom .tagpl{color:var(--gk-blue);font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.14em;text-transform:uppercase}\n#gkms .mono-note{font-size:12px;color:var(--g400)}\n\n\/* ---- feasibility request form (custom, posts to gekko\/v1\/rsvp) ---- *\/\n#gkms .gkms-form{max-width:560px;margin:28px auto 0;text-align:left;position:relative}\n#gkms .gkms-form-q{font-weight:700;font-size:14px;color:#fff;margin:0 0 12px;text-align:center}\n#gkms .gkms-choices{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr);gap:10px;margin-bottom:14px}\n#gkms 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auto;box-shadow:0 6px 18px rgba(13,13,13,.18)}\n#gkms .gkms-hp{position:absolute!important;left:-9999px!important;top:auto;width:1px;height:1px;overflow:hidden;opacity:0}\n#gkms .gkms-consent{display:flex;align-items:flex-start;gap:10px;margin:14px 0 0;font-size:12.5px;color:rgba(255,255,255,.9);line-height:1.5;cursor:pointer;text-align:left}\n#gkms .gkms-consent-cb{flex:none;width:18px;height:18px;margin-top:1px;accent-color:#fff;cursor:pointer}\n#gkms .gkms-consent a{color:#fff;text-decoration:underline}\n#gkms .gkms-req{color:var(--gk-gold)}\n#gkms .gkms-msg{margin:12px 0 0;font-size:14px;min-height:1px;text-align:center;color:#fff}\n#gkms .gkms-msg.err{color:#FFDADA}\n#gkms .gkms-done{max-width:560px;margin:28px auto 0;background:rgba(255,255,255,.12);border:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.30);border-radius:var(--r-lg);padding:24px;text-align:center;color:#fff;font-size:16px;font-weight:600;line-height:1.5}\n#gkms .cta-alt{margin-top:20px;position:relative}\n#gkms .cta-alt a{color:#fff;font-weight:600;font-size:14px;text-decoration:none;border-bottom:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.5);padding-bottom:2px}\n#gkms .cta-alt a:hover{border-color:#fff}\n@media(max-width:560px){#gkms .gkms-choices{grid-template-columns:1fr}}\n\n\/* ---- inline line icons (replacing emoji) ---- *\/\n#gkms .ci svg{width:28px;height:28px;display:block;color:#DCE4EF}\n#gkms .cyc-step.on .ci svg{color:#fff}\n#gkms .how-point .hi svg{width:24px;height:24px;display:block}\n#gkms .strip .st-ic svg{width:26px;height:26px;display:block}\n#gkms .gkms-hint{margin:0 0 16px;font-size:13px;color:rgba(255,255,255,.88);line-height:1.55;text-align:center}\n#gkms .gkms-submit{transition:background .2s var(--ease),color .2s var(--ease),border-color .2s var(--ease)}\n#gkms .gkms-submit.is-check{background:var(--ok);border-color:var(--ok);color:#fff;pointer-events:none}\n#gkms .gkms-submit svg{width:18px;height:18px;flex:0 0 auto;margin-right:2px}\n\n\n\/* ---- multi-page additions ---- *\/\n#gkms .subhero{position:relative;overflow:hidden;color:#fff;padding:120px 0 72px;\n  background:linear-gradient(115deg,#0F1626 0%,#192A3D 55%,#1F2A4A 100%)}\n#gkms .subhero .spectrum{position:absolute;inset:0;width:100%;height:100%;opacity:.20;pointer-events:none}\n#gkms .subhero .display{color:#fff;max-width:22ch;font-size:clamp(34px,4.4vw,54px)}\n#gkms .subhero .display .accent{color:var(--gk-blue-400)}\n#gkms .subhero .lead{color:#C8D0DC;max-width:62ch;margin-top:18px}\n#gkms .subhero .eyebrow{color:var(--gk-blue-400)}\n#gkms .subhero .eyebrow::before{background:var(--gk-blue-400)}\n#gkms .crumb{font-size:13px;color:#8A93A0;margin-bottom:18px}\n#gkms .crumb a{color:#C8D0DC}\n#gkms .crumb a:hover{color:#fff}\n#gkms .teaser-grid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr);gap:22px;margin-top:44px}\n#gkms a.teaser{display:flex;flex-direction:column;background:#fff;border:1px solid var(--g100);border-radius:var(--r-lg);overflow:hidden;box-shadow:var(--sh-sm);transition:.2s var(--ease);color:inherit}\n#gkms a.teaser:hover{transform:translateY(-3px);box-shadow:var(--sh-md);border-color:var(--gk-blue-100)}\n#gkms .teaser .tph{height:230px;overflow:hidden}\n#gkms .teaser .tph img{width:100%;height:100%;object-fit:cover}\n#gkms .teaser .tbody{padding:20px 22px 22px}\n#gkms .teaser .tk{font-size:11px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.14em;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--gk-blue);margin-bottom:8px}\n#gkms .teaser h3{font-size:18px;color:var(--gk-navy-deep);margin-bottom:6px}\n#gkms .teaser p{font-size:14px;color:var(--gk-slate);line-height:1.55}\n#gkms .teaser .tgo{margin-top:auto;padding-top:14px;font-size:13.5px;font-weight:700;color:var(--gk-blue)}\n@media(max-width:940px){#gkms .teaser-grid{grid-template-columns:1fr}}\n#gkms .pager{display:flex;justify-content:space-between;gap:14px;max-width:1200px;margin:0 auto;padding:34px 24px}\n#gkms .pager a{display:inline-flex;align-items:center;gap:8px;font-size:14px;font-weight:700;color:var(--gk-navy-deep)}\n#gkms .pager a:hover{color:var(--gk-blue)}\n\/* ---- packshot rule: no frame, no background, full device visible ---- *\/\n#gkms .prod-photo{background:none;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;border-radius:0;overflow:visible}\n#gkms .prod-photo::after{display:none}\n#gkms .prod-photo img{max-height:560px;max-width:100%;width:auto;object-fit:contain}\n#gkms .packshot-stage{background:none;border:0;box-shadow:none;padding:0;text-align:center}\n#gkms .packshot-stage img{max-width:100%;height:auto;max-height:520px;object-fit:contain;filter:drop-shadow(0 24px 42px rgba(25,42,61,.28))}\n#gkms .tabpanel.active:not(:has(img)){grid-template-columns:1fr!important;max-width:840px}\n#gkms .product:not(:has(img)){grid-template-columns:1fr!important;max-width:840px}\n#gkms .how-grid:not(:has(img)):not(:has(.cycle)){grid-template-columns:1fr!important;max-width:840px}\n\/* ---- click-to-load YouTube facade ---- *\/\n#gkms .vid-embed{position:relative;width:100%;aspect-ratio:16\/9;border-radius:var(--r-lg);overflow:hidden;box-shadow:var(--sh-md);background:#0F1626}\n#gkms .vid-embed .yt-facade{display:block;width:100%;height:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;cursor:pointer;background:#0F1626;position:relative}\n#gkms .vid-embed .yt-facade img{width:100%;height:100%;object-fit:cover;display:block}\n#gkms .vid-embed .yt-play{position:absolute;inset:0;display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center}\n#gkms .vid-embed .yt-play svg{width:74px;height:auto;filter:drop-shadow(0 6px 16px rgba(0,0,0,.45));transition:transform .18s var(--ease)}\n#gkms .vid-embed .yt-facade:hover .yt-play svg,#gkms .vid-embed .yt-facade:focus-visible .yt-play svg{transform:scale(1.09)}\n#gkms .vid-embed iframe{position:absolute;inset:0;width:100%;height:100%;border:0;display:block}\n\n<\/style>\n\n<div id=\"gkms\">\n<div id=\"gkms-progress\" style=\"position:fixed;top:0;left:0;height:3px;background:var(--gk-blue);width:0;z-index:200\"><\/div>\n<nav class=\"nav\">\n    <div class=\"nav-in\">\n      <a href=\"\/nitrogen-fertilizers-def\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"logo\" src=\"https:\/\/gekkophotonics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/logo-full-1.png\" alt=\"Gekko Photonics\"><\/a>\n      <div class=\"nav-links\">\n      <a href=\"\/nitrogen-fertilizers-def\/\">Home<\/a>\n      <a href=\"\/nitrogen-fertilizers-def\/chemistry\/\" class=\"active\">Chemistry<\/a>\n      <a href=\"\/nitrogen-fertilizers-def\/what-we-measure\/\">What we measure<\/a>\n      <a href=\"\/nitrogen-fertilizers-def\/how-it-works\/\">How it works<\/a>\n      <a href=\"\/nitrogen-fertilizers-def\/proof\/\">Proof<\/a>\n      <a href=\"\/nitrogen-fertilizers-def\/compliance\/\">Compliance<\/a>\n      <a href=\"\/nitrogen-fertilizers-def\/instrument\/\">Instrument<\/a>\n      <\/div>\n      <a class=\"btn btn-primary\" href=\"#contact\">Test on your samples<\/a>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/nav>\n<header class=\"subhero\">\n  <svg class=\"spectrum\" viewBox=\"0 0 1200 420\" preserveAspectRatio=\"none\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n    <path d=\"M0,320 L90,312 L150,290 L195,195 L240,305 L315,292 L375,185 L420,305 L480,262 L540,135 L600,290 L660,276 L720,225 L780,296 L840,282 L900,205 L960,300 L1020,288 L1080,240 L1140,292 L1200,270\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#019FE2\" stroke-width=\"2\"><\/path>\n    <path d=\"M0,335 L90,328 L150,318 L195,245 L240,325 L315,312 L375,232 L420,322 L480,292 L540,196 L600,312 L660,300 L720,258 L780,318 L840,305 L900,242 L960,320 L1020,308 L1080,272 L1140,314 L1200,295\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#fff\" stroke-width=\"1\" stroke-dasharray=\"4 6\"><\/path>\n  <\/svg>\n  <div class=\"hero-in\" style=\"position:relative\">\n    <div class=\"crumb\"><a href=\"\/nitrogen-fertilizers-def\/\">Nitrogen fertilizers &amp; DEF\/AdBlue<\/a> \/ Chemistry<\/div>\n    <span class=\"eyebrow\">Chemistry coverage<\/span>\n    <h1 class=\"display\" style=\"margin-top:16px\">One measurement layer across <span class=\"accent\">nitrogen fertilizers and DEF\/AdBlue<\/span>.<\/h1>\n    <p class=\"lead\">Urea, UAN\/RSM, DEF\/AdBlue and biuret share one blind spot: composition is known minutes to an hour after the sample leaves the line. Spectrally X1 INLINE reads all of them inline - directly in the process line, without sampling - in about 5 seconds, with a chemometric model built per matrix.<\/p>\n  <\/div>\n<\/header>\n\n<!-- ===== 01 \u00b7 COVERAGE OVERVIEW ===== -->\n<section id=\"coverage\" class=\"ctx\">\n  <div class=\"wrap\">\n    <div class=\"sec-head reveal\">\n      <span class=\"num\">01<\/span>\n      <span class=\"eyebrow\">Coverage<\/span>\n      <h2 class=\"h2\">One measurement layer, from urea melt to AdBlue in the tank.<\/h2>\n      <p class=\"lead\">The nitrogen family turns on one molecule. Urea is the master variable that feeds both liquid fertilizer (UAN\/RSM) and diesel exhaust fluid (AUS 32 \/ AdBlue), with biuret as the by-product that limits both, and ammonium thiosulfate (ATS) as the sulfur neighbor next door. Every stream shares the same gap: composition is known minutes to over an hour after the sample leaves the line - refractometry reads total dissolved solids in 2-3 minutes but cannot separate urea from ammonium nitrate; Kjeldahl total nitrogen takes 60-90 minutes; biuret by GC takes 40-60. Spectrally X1 INLINE puts one Raman measurement layer across all of it. A probe in the pipeline or mixer, a chemometric model per matrix, values in your control system in about 5 seconds.<\/p>\n    <\/div>\n    <div class=\"ctx-grid\">\n      <div class=\"ctx-item reveal\"><div class=\"k\">Feedstock<\/div><div class=\"v\">Urea &middot; 46% N<\/div><p>Bosch-Meiser synthesis from ammonia and CO&#8322;. The master variable and the raw material for both RSM and AUS 32. Urea concentration read inline per batch and at dosing.<\/p><\/div>\n      <div class=\"ctx-item reveal\"><div class=\"k\">Liquid fertilizer<\/div><div class=\"v\">UAN \/ RSM &middot; 28-32% N<\/div><p>Urea and ammonium nitrate in water. The two carriers and solution homogeneity resolved inline against a narrow declared %N spec.<\/p><\/div>\n      <div class=\"ctx-item reveal\"><div class=\"k\">Emissions fluid<\/div><div class=\"v\">DEF \/ AdBlue &middot; AUS 32<\/div><p>32.5% urea in deionized water for Euro VI SCR. Urea concentration and homogeneity verified inline to the ISO 22241 window (32.5% \u00b10.7%).<\/p><\/div>\n      <div class=\"ctx-item reveal\"><div class=\"k\">Quality limit<\/div><div class=\"v\">Biuret<\/div><p>Thermal condensation by-product of urea, toxic to plants from 0.5%. Tracked inline so operators correct before it crosses the CE limit.<\/p><\/div>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n<\/section>\n\n<!-- ===== 02 \u00b7 UAN \/ RSM ===== -->\n<section id=\"uan\">\n  <div class=\"wrap\">\n    <div class=\"sec-head reveal\">\n      <span class=\"num\">02<\/span>\n      <span class=\"eyebrow\">UAN \/ RSM &middot; Urea-ammonium nitrate<\/span>\n      <h2 class=\"h2\">Liquid nitrogen fertilizer: two carriers, one narrow spec.<\/h2>\n      <p class=\"lead\">UAN (RSM) is a solution of urea and ammonium nitrate in water, 28-32% N, widely applied to soil as a liquid fertilizer. The declared %N is a regulated label under Reg (EU) 2019\/1009, and any deviation from it is a customer claim. Refractometry and densitometry read total dissolved solids only - they cannot separate urea from ammonium nitrate, so the composition behind the number stays invisible until the lab reports.<\/p>\n    <\/div>\n\n    <div class=\"tabpanels reveal\">\n      <div class=\"tabpanel active\">\n        <div>\n          <span class=\"tp-tag\">What Spectrally reads in UAN \/ RSM<\/span>\n          <h3>Urea and ammonium nitrate, resolved while the batch mixes.<\/h3>\n          <p>The offline routine leaves the two carriers unresolved: refractometry gives total solids in 2-3 minutes, ammonium-nitrate titration in 20-30 minutes, Kjeldahl total nitrogen in 60-90. Feedstock fluctuations propagate straight into the blend. The probe reads the solution where it mixes:<\/p>\n          <ul>\n            <li>Urea concentration and ammonium nitrate concentration as distinct Raman bands<\/li>\n            <li>Solution homogeneity across the batch and through tanker \/ IBC filling<\/li>\n            <li>Total nitrogen against the declared %N, continuously<\/li>\n          <\/ul>\n          <p style=\"margin-top:16px\">Raman suits these clear aqueous streams: water is a weak Raman scatterer, so the nitrogen bands stand out where FT-IR is blinded by water absorption. No sample preparation, and the read holds across 20-60 &deg;C and pH 1-12.<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"tp-photo\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/gekkophotonics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/probe-uan-line.jpg\" alt=\"Spectrally X1 PROBE installed on a UAN\/RSM liquid fertilizer blending line\"><\/div>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n\n    <div class=\"proof-grid\" style=\"margin-top:40px\">\n      <div class=\"proof reveal\">\n        <div class=\"pph\"><span class=\"ptag\">Nitrate N &middot; feasibility<\/span><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/gekkophotonics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/inline-uan-skid.jpg\" alt=\"Spectrally X1 INLINE cabinet on a UAN tank-farm skid\"><\/div>\n        <div class=\"pbody\">\n          <h4>Nitrate read directly, repeatably<\/h4>\n          <p>On aqueous effluent from an ammonium-nitrate producer, nitrate was identified directly on its isolated band near <b>1044 cm-1<\/b> (the v&#8321; symmetric stretch), with a repeatability standard deviation around <b>0.0004 a.u.<\/b> by direct band integration. About one minute per read.<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n      <\/div>\n      <div class=\"proof reveal\">\n        <div class=\"pph\"><span class=\"ptag\">Ammonium N &middot; feasibility<\/span><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/gekkophotonics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/probe-immersion-detail.jpg\" alt=\"Spectrally X1 PROBE immersion tip detail\"><\/div>\n        <div class=\"pbody\">\n          <h4>Ammonium via a chemometric model<\/h4>\n          <p>The ammonium N-H bands are masked by the broad water O-H signal and are not directly observable in the current configuration. A chemometric model on ammonium-nitrate standards (N-NH&#8324;&#8314; 2.01-10.76%) predicted ammonium nitrogen at high R&sup2; with a mean prediction error around <b>0.069%<\/b> across the standard range. The nitrogen chemistry transfers directly to UAN\/RSM.<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n      <\/div>\n      <div class=\"proof reveal\">\n        <div class=\"pph\"><span class=\"ptag\">Total N &middot; feasibility<\/span><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/gekkophotonics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/gen-urea-granules.jpg\" alt=\"White urea fertilizer prills and granules on a stainless inspection surface\"><\/div>\n        <div class=\"pbody\">\n          <h4>Total nitrogen against the declared label<\/h4>\n          <p>On fertilizer granules measured in native form with no sample prep, total nitrogen correlated with the nitrate band near <b>1050 cm-1<\/b> at <b>R = 0.91<\/b> on raw data, best descriptor peak area. Positive feasibility, ahead of the full chemometric-model stage.<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n\n    <div style=\"margin-top:40px\">\n      <h3 style=\"font-size:20px;color:var(--gk-navy-deep);margin-bottom:16px\">What comes off the UAN \/ RSM critical path<\/h3>\n      <div class=\"repl\">\n        <div class=\"item reveal\"><span class=\"lag\">2-3 min<\/span><div><div class=\"m\">Refractometry \/ densitometry<\/div><div class=\"s\">Total dissolved solids only - cannot separate urea from ammonium nitrate. Replaced by resolved composition.<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n        <div class=\"item reveal\"><span class=\"lag\">20-30 min<\/span><div><div class=\"m\">Ammonium-nitrate titration<\/div><div class=\"s\">Manual draw and a lab bench. The two carriers are read inline instead.<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n        <div class=\"item reveal\"><span class=\"lag\">60-90 min<\/span><div><div class=\"m\">Kjeldahl total N<\/div><div class=\"s\">The certification method. Becomes a periodic reference, not the control loop.<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n        <div class=\"item reveal\"><span class=\"lag\">no composition<\/span><div><div class=\"m\">Densitometry<\/div><div class=\"s\">An index, never the composition behind it. Replaced by multi-parameter reads.<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n<\/section>\n\n<!-- ===== 03 \u00b7 UREA ===== -->\n<section id=\"urea\" class=\"ctx\">\n  <div class=\"wrap\">\n    <div class=\"sec-head reveal\">\n      <span class=\"num\">03<\/span>\n      <span class=\"eyebrow\">Urea &middot; Feedstock &amp; master variable<\/span>\n      <h2 class=\"h2\">Urea: the concentration that sets everything downstream.<\/h2>\n      <p class=\"lead\">Urea (46% N), made Bosch-Meiser from ammonia and CO&#8322;, is the highest-volume nitrogen fertilizer worldwide and the raw material for both RSM and AUS 32 \/ AdBlue. Its concentration in the dosed solution is the master variable: it decides the final composition of the fertilizer and the emissions fluid built on it. Granule quality - moisture, biuret, hardness - varies by batch and by supplier.<\/p>\n    <\/div>\n\n    <div class=\"tabpanels reveal\">\n      <div class=\"tabpanel active\">\n        <div>\n          <span class=\"tp-tag\">What Spectrally reads in urea<\/span>\n          <h3>One measured value instead of a certificate you trust.<\/h3>\n          <p>Refractometry reads total dissolved solids in 2-3 minutes but cannot distinguish urea from ammonium nitrate and sees no biuret; Kjeldahl total nitrogen takes 60-90 minutes. The probe reads urea concentration directly, per batch and at dosing:<\/p>\n          <ul>\n            <li>Urea concentration in the melt or solution, continuously<\/li>\n            <li>Biuret trend in the same read - the quality limit tracked below<\/li>\n            <li>Dosing corrected on the measured value, not on the supplier certificate<\/li>\n          <\/ul>\n          <p style=\"margin-top:16px\">Because water scatters Raman weakly, the urea band is read cleanly in aqueous solution with no sample preparation, so the same probe covers both the synthesis reactor and the dosing line.<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n      <div class=\"tp-photo reveal\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/gekkophotonics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/gen-urea-prilling.jpg\" alt=\"Urea prilling tower and granulation unit at a nitrogen fertilizer plant\"><\/div><\/div>\n    <\/div>\n\n    <div class=\"duel reveal\" style=\"margin-top:40px\">\n      <div class=\"duel-row duel-head\"><div class=\"old\">Urea lab loop<\/div><div class=\"mid\"><\/div><div class=\"new\">Spectrally inline<\/div><\/div>\n      <div class=\"duel-row\"><div class=\"old\"><span class=\"xk\">&times;<\/span>Manual sample of the dosed urea solution<\/div><div class=\"mid\">&rarr;<\/div><div class=\"new\"><span class=\"ck\">&check;<\/span>Probe reads the solution continuously - no sampling<\/div><\/div>\n      <div class=\"duel-row\"><div class=\"old\"><span class=\"xk\">&times;<\/span>Refractometry: 2-3 min, total dissolved solids only<\/div><div class=\"mid\">&rarr;<\/div><div class=\"new\"><span class=\"ck\">&check;<\/span>Urea concentration directly, in seconds<\/div><\/div>\n      <div class=\"duel-row\"><div class=\"old\"><span class=\"xk\">&times;<\/span>Refractometry cannot separate urea from ammonium nitrate<\/div><div class=\"mid\">&rarr;<\/div><div class=\"new\"><span class=\"ck\">&check;<\/span>Urea and ammonium nitrate resolved as distinct bands<\/div><\/div>\n      <div class=\"duel-row\"><div class=\"old\"><span class=\"xk\">&times;<\/span>Kjeldahl total N: 60-90 min for certification<\/div><div class=\"mid\">&rarr;<\/div><div class=\"new\"><span class=\"ck\">&check;<\/span>Total nitrogen tracked live - R = 0.91 in feasibility<\/div><\/div>\n      <div class=\"duel-row\"><div class=\"old\"><span class=\"xk\">&times;<\/span>Biuret by HPLC: 20-30 min, reported after the fact<\/div><div class=\"mid\">&rarr;<\/div><div class=\"new\"><span class=\"ck\">&check;<\/span>Biuret trend detected early, before off-spec<\/div><\/div>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n<\/section>\n\n<!-- ===== 04 \u00b7 DEF \/ ADBLUE ===== -->\n<section id=\"def\">\n  <div class=\"wrap\">\n    <div class=\"sec-head reveal\">\n      <span class=\"num\">04<\/span>\n      <span class=\"eyebrow\">DEF \/ AdBlue &middot; AUS 32<\/span>\n      <h2 class=\"h2\">Diesel exhaust fluid: the ISO 22241 window, verified every batch.<\/h2>\n      <p class=\"lead\">AdBlue (AUS 32) is a 32.5% solution of urea in deionized water that feeds Euro VI SCR to cut NOx. Urea concentration has to sit inside the ISO 22241 window every batch - off-spec fluid degrades the SCR catalyst and carries producer liability. Per-batch and per-tanker \/ IBC homogeneity is the control problem.<\/p>\n    <\/div>\n\n    <div class=\"tabpanels reveal\">\n      <div class=\"tabpanel active\">\n        <div>\n          <span class=\"tp-tag\">What Spectrally reads in DEF \/ AdBlue<\/span>\n          <h3>Composition inline, with an honest boundary on trace metals.<\/h3>\n          <p>The common in-plant control, refractometry, reads urea concentration in 2-3 minutes and nothing else; inline conductometry is a proxy; biuret by ion chromatography takes 20-30 minutes. Spectrally reads composition where the fluid flows:<\/p>\n          <ul>\n            <li>Urea concentration against the ISO 22241 target, continuously<\/li>\n            <li>Homogeneity per batch and through tanker \/ IBC filling<\/li>\n            <li>Biuret trend without the offline loop<\/li>\n          <\/ul>\n          <p style=\"margin-top:16px\">Raman verifies composition; it does not replace trace-metal measurement. Iron, calcium and sodium at ISO 22241 limits stay with ICP \/ AES. Spectrally covers the composition side and leaves the metals boundary explicit.<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"tp-photo\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/gekkophotonics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/inline-def-line.jpg\" alt=\"Spectrally X1 INLINE cabinet on a DEF\/AdBlue blending and filling line\"><\/div>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n\n    <div style=\"margin-top:40px\">\n      <h3 style=\"font-size:20px;color:var(--gk-navy-deep);margin-bottom:16px\">What comes off the DEF \/ AdBlue critical path<\/h3>\n      <div class=\"repl\">\n        <div class=\"item reveal\"><span class=\"lag\">2-3 min<\/span><div><div class=\"m\">Refractometry<\/div><div class=\"s\">Urea concentration only - no biuret, no homogeneity map. Replaced by multi-parameter reads.<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n        <div class=\"item reveal\"><span class=\"lag\">20-30 min<\/span><div><div class=\"m\">Ion chromatography - biuret<\/div><div class=\"s\">Manual sampling and a lab bench. Tracked in the same Raman read.<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n        <div class=\"item reveal\"><span class=\"lag\">30-60 min<\/span><div><div class=\"m\">ICP \/ AES - trace metals<\/div><div class=\"s\">Not replaced. The Fe \/ Ca \/ Na boundary stays with ICP - stated, not glossed over.<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n        <div class=\"item reveal\"><span class=\"lag\">proxy<\/span><div><div class=\"m\">Inline conductometry<\/div><div class=\"s\">An indirect index, not urea concentration. Replaced by a direct read.<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n<\/section>\n\n<!-- ===== 05 \u00b7 BIURET + ATS ===== -->\n<section id=\"byproduct\" class=\"ctx\">\n  <div class=\"wrap\">\n    <div class=\"sec-head reveal\">\n      <span class=\"num\">05<\/span>\n      <span class=\"eyebrow\">Biuret &amp; ATS &middot; By-product &amp; neighbor<\/span>\n      <h2 class=\"h2\">The by-product that limits the batch - and the sulfur neighbor beside it.<\/h2>\n      <p class=\"lead\">Biuret forms when two urea molecules condense above 135 &deg;C in the reactor. It is toxic to plants from 0.5%, blocks the urease enzyme, and must stay below 1% in fertilizer urea and 0.5% in RSM for CE compliance. Ammonium thiosulfate (ATS, 12% N + 26% S) is the sulfur fertilizer and nitrification inhibitor that runs alongside - the neighbor family, measured on the same layer.<\/p>\n    <\/div>\n\n    <div class=\"tabpanels reveal\">\n      <div class=\"tabpanel active\">\n        <div>\n          <span class=\"tp-tag\">Biuret<\/span>\n          <h3>Early trend, before the batch goes off-spec.<\/h3>\n          <p>Offline biuret is slow - GC at 40-60 minutes, HPLC at 20-30, DMAB colorimetric titration at 15-20 - so a rising level is confirmed long after the reactor has made it. Read inline during urea production and RSM mixing, the trend is visible while operators can still correct it:<\/p>\n          <ul>\n            <li>Biuret concentration inline during synthesis and mixing<\/li>\n            <li>Early deviation trend against the &lt;1% urea \/ &lt;0.5% RSM limits<\/li>\n            <li>No manual sampling of hot, concentrated urea streams<\/li>\n          <\/ul>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"tp-photo\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/gekkophotonics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/gen-urea-reactor.jpg\" alt=\"Insulated stainless steel urea synthesis reactors and hot piping in a plant\"><\/div>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n\n    <div class=\"tabpanels reveal\" style=\"margin-top:24px\">\n      <div class=\"tabpanel active\">\n        <div>\n          <span class=\"tp-tag\">ATS &middot; Ammonium thiosulfate<\/span>\n          <h3>Sulfur fertilizer: concentration and N\/S ratio, inline.<\/h3>\n          <p>ATS composition offline runs on iodometric titration (20-30 min) or ion chromatography (30-60 min). As a UAN additive or standalone product, its concentration and N\/S ratio have to hit spec or the result is customer complaints and CE problems. Measured inline:<\/p>\n          <ul>\n            <li>Thiosulfate concentration and solution homogeneity<\/li>\n            <li>The N\/S ratio against the product spec<\/li>\n            <li>The neighbor family carried on the same probe and analyzer<\/li>\n          <\/ul>\n          <p style=\"margin-top:16px\">ATS is the M3 family - covered here to show the same layer reaches the streams next door, not to detail it.<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n      <div class=\"tp-photo reveal\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/gekkophotonics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/gen-ats-tankfarm.jpg\" alt=\"Stainless steel storage tanks for clear liquid ammonium thiosulfate at a plant\"><\/div><\/div>\n    <\/div>\n\n    <div style=\"margin-top:40px\">\n      <h3 style=\"font-size:20px;color:var(--gk-navy-deep);margin-bottom:16px\">What comes off the by-product &amp; neighbor critical path<\/h3>\n      <div class=\"repl\">\n        <div class=\"item reveal\"><span class=\"lag\">40-60 min<\/span><div><div class=\"m\">GC - biuret<\/div><div class=\"s\">The slow reference. Replaced by a live inline trend.<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n        <div class=\"item reveal\"><span class=\"lag\">20-30 min<\/span><div><div class=\"m\">HPLC - biuret<\/div><div class=\"s\">Sample prep plus hardware. Tracked in the same Raman read.<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n        <div class=\"item reveal\"><span class=\"lag\">15-20 min<\/span><div><div class=\"m\">DMAB titration - biuret<\/div><div class=\"s\">A manual colorimetric loop. Read inline instead.<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n        <div class=\"item reveal\"><span class=\"lag\">20-30 min<\/span><div><div class=\"m\">Iodometric titration - thiosulfate<\/div><div class=\"s\">ATS concentration and N\/S ratio read inline.<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n<\/section>\n\n<!-- ===== 06 \u00b7 ONE PLATFORM ===== -->\n<section id=\"platform\" class=\"band\">\n  <div class=\"wrap\">\n    <div class=\"sec-head reveal\">\n      <span class=\"num\">06<\/span>\n      <span class=\"eyebrow no-line\" style=\"color:var(--gk-blue-400)\">One layer, one platform<\/span>\n      <h2 class=\"h2\" style=\"color:#fff;margin-top:12px\">Different chemistries. The same instrument, the same workflow.<\/h2>\n      <p class=\"lead\" style=\"color:#C8D0DC\">Every stream above is measured by the same platform: a Spectrally X1 PROBE in the line or vessel, the Spectrally X1 INLINE analyzer up to 100 m away by fiber, and Spectrally OS turning spectra into process values. What changes per chemistry is the chemometric model - built and validated on your matrix during the feasibility study.<\/p>\n    <\/div>\n    <div class=\"reg-grid\">\n      <div class=\"reg reveal\"><span class=\"flag\">Hardware<\/span><h4>One probe family across streams<\/h4><p>316L immersion probe, IP67, ATEX\/IECEx Zone 0 versions, -40 to +125 &deg;C, up to 16 bar, pH 2-10 continuous. These nitrogen and DEF streams are mostly clear, low-fouling aqueous solutions, so the self-cleaning retractable system handles the occasional turbidity spike rather than constant fouling.<\/p><\/div>\n      <div class=\"reg reveal\"><span class=\"flag\">Models<\/span><h4>A dedicated model per matrix<\/h4><p>AI and advanced chemometrics with a CNN core, trained on your recipes against laboratory reference values - more accurate and faster than the traditional PLS\/PCA that remains the industry benchmark. Calibration maintains itself from a reference integrated in the probe, and models update without stopping the analyzer.<\/p><\/div>\n      <div class=\"reg reveal\"><span class=\"flag\">Integration<\/span><h4>Values, not spectra, in the control room<\/h4><p>Urea, nitrate, ammonium, biuret and thiosulfate arrive over PROFIBUS \/ PROFINET as ordinary process tags. Every measurement is stored and exportable - CSV, PDF or raw spectra - as a per-batch ISO 22241 \/ Reg 2019\/1009 record.<\/p><\/div>\n    <\/div>\n    <div class=\"metrics\" id=\"gkms-metrics\" style=\"margin-top:56px\">\n      <div class=\"metric\"><div class=\"mk\">Chemistry families<\/div><div class=\"mv\" data-to=\"4\">0<\/div><p>Urea, UAN\/RSM, DEF\/AdBlue and biuret - one measurement layer, all classified TIER S.<\/p><\/div>\n      <div class=\"metric\"><div class=\"mk\">Nitrogen in urea<\/div><div class=\"mv\" data-to=\"46\" data-suffix=\"%\">0<span class=\"u\">%<\/span><\/div><p>Feedstock urea is 46% N - the master variable feeding both RSM and AUS 32.<\/p><\/div>\n      <div class=\"metric\"><div class=\"mk\">Acquisition<\/div><div class=\"mv\" data-to=\"5\" data-suffix=\"s\">0<span class=\"u\">s<\/span><\/div><p>A single Raman acquisition takes from 5 seconds.<\/p><\/div>\n      <div class=\"metric\"><div class=\"mk\">Slowest loop removed<\/div><div class=\"mv\" data-to=\"90\" data-suffix=\"min\">0<span class=\"u\">min<\/span><\/div><p>Kjeldahl total-nitrogen certification at the top of its range - off the critical path.<\/p><\/div>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n<\/section>\n\n<div class=\"pager\">\n    <span><\/span>\n    <span><a href=\"\/nitrogen-fertilizers-def\/what-we-measure\/\">What we measure &rarr;<\/a><\/span>\n  <\/div>\n<section id=\"contact\">\n    <div class=\"wrap\">\n      <div class=\"cta reveal\">\n        <span class=\"eyebrow no-line\" style=\"color:#fff;justify-content:center\">Your next step<\/span>\n        <h2 class=\"h2\">Start with your own chemistry.<\/h2>\n        <p>Send representative samples from your urea, UAN\/RSM, DEF\/AdBlue or biuret process. We build and validate a chemometric model on your matrix in the Gekko lab and report exactly what inline Raman would read on your line - before any hardware decision.<\/p>\n        <form class=\"gkms-form\" data-region=\"m2-nitrogen-fertilizers-def\" data-region-label=\"Microsite M2 - Nitrogen fertilizers and DEF\/AdBlue\" data-source=\"microsite-m2-chemistry\" novalidate>\n          <div class=\"gkms-form-q\">What would you like to do?<\/div>\n          <div class=\"gkms-choices\" role=\"radiogroup\" aria-label=\"What would you like to do?\">\n            <button type=\"button\" class=\"gkms-opt is-sel\" data-val=\"feasibility\" role=\"radio\" aria-checked=\"true\">Feasibility study<\/button>\n            <button type=\"button\" class=\"gkms-opt\" data-val=\"workshop\" role=\"radio\" aria-checked=\"false\">Workshop seat<\/button>\n            <button type=\"button\" class=\"gkms-opt\" data-val=\"info\" role=\"radio\" aria-checked=\"false\">Send info<\/button>\n          <\/div>\n          <p class=\"gkms-hint\" id=\"gkms-hint\"><\/p>\n          <div class=\"gkms-row\">\n            <input type=\"email\" class=\"gkms-email\" name=\"email\" required placeholder=\"you@company.com\" autocomplete=\"email\" aria-label=\"Your work email\">\n            <button type=\"submit\" class=\"btn btn-light gkms-submit\">Send request<\/button>\n          <\/div>\n          <input type=\"text\" class=\"gkms-hp\" name=\"company_hp\" tabindex=\"-1\" autocomplete=\"off\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n          <label class=\"gkms-consent\"><input type=\"checkbox\" class=\"gkms-consent-cb\" name=\"consent\" required><span>By submitting this form, I confirm I have read and understood the <a href=\"https:\/\/gekkophotonics.com\/en\/privacy-policy\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">privacy policy<\/a> <span class=\"gkms-req\">*<\/span><\/span><\/label>\n          <p class=\"gkms-msg\" aria-live=\"polite\"><\/p>\n        <\/form>\n        <p class=\"cta-alt\"><a href=\"https:\/\/gekkophotonics.com\/products\/spectrally-inline\/\">Explore Spectrally X1 INLINE -&gt;<\/a><\/p>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/section>\n<footer class=\"foot\">\n    <div class=\"wrap\">\n      <div class=\"foot-grid\">\n        <div>\n          <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"flogo\" src=\"https:\/\/gekkophotonics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/logo-full-1.png\" alt=\"Gekko Photonics\">\n          <p class=\"ftag\">Engineering-Driven Analytics. Real-time process composition with inline Raman spectroscopy.<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n        <div>\n          <h5>Platform<\/h5>\n          <a href=\"https:\/\/gekkophotonics.com\/products\/spectrally-inline\/\">Spectrally X1 INLINE<\/a>\n          <a href=\"https:\/\/gekkophotonics.com\/\">Spectrally X1 PROBE<\/a>\n          <a href=\"https:\/\/gekkophotonics.com\/\">Spectrally OS<\/a>\n        <\/div>\n        <div>\n          <h5>This mini-site<\/h5>\n          <a href=\"\/nitrogen-fertilizers-def\/chemistry\/\">Chemistry<\/a>\n          <a href=\"\/nitrogen-fertilizers-def\/what-we-measure\/\">What we measure<\/a>\n          <a href=\"\/nitrogen-fertilizers-def\/how-it-works\/\">How it works<\/a>\n          <a href=\"\/nitrogen-fertilizers-def\/proof\/\">Proof<\/a>\n          <a href=\"\/nitrogen-fertilizers-def\/compliance\/\">Compliance<\/a>\n          <a href=\"\/nitrogen-fertilizers-def\/instrument\/\">Instrument<\/a>\n        <\/div>\n        <div>\n          <h5>Contact<\/h5>\n          <a href=\"mailto:contact@gekkophotonics.com\">contact@gekkophotonics.com<\/a>\n          <a href=\"https:\/\/gekkophotonics.com\/\">gekkophotonics.com<\/a>\n          <div class=\"addr\">NextCorps, 260 E. Main Street, Suite 6000<br>Rochester, NY 14604, USA<\/div>\n        <\/div>\n      <\/div>\n      <div class=\"fbottom\">\n        <span>&copy; 2026 Gekko Photonics Sp. z o.o. 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